Observing Effects

vihaco separates execution from effect delivery:

components execute instructions and return effects
#[observe] lets any type react to delivered effect types
a runtime wires effect delivery together

This guide explains what #[observe] is for and how to use it, both on standalone observer types and on components alike.

What `#[observe]` Looks Like

#[observe(EffectType)] goes on an impl block. It declares which delivered effect types the type handles and generates the Observe<EffectType> trait impl.

use eyre::Result;
use vihaco::{Effects, observe};

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct StdoutEffect(pub String);

#[derive(Debug, Default)]
pub struct StdoutCollector {
    lines: Vec<String>,
}

#[observe(StdoutEffect)]
impl StdoutCollector {
    fn observe_stdout_effect(&mut self, effect: &StdoutEffect) -> Result<Effects<()>> {
        self.lines.push(effect.0.clone());
        Ok(Effects::none())
    }
}

For a plain observer, the handler method:

takes &mut self
takes &EffectType
returns Result<Effects<FollowUpEffect>, Error>
must be named observe_<snake_case_effect_type> such as observe_stdout_effect

The macro generates an Observe<StdoutEffect> trait impl that delegates to the handler method.

Observer handlers can also synthesize follow-up effects. If a handler returns values instead of Effects::none(), the runtime continues them in declared depth-first order.

Multiple Handlers Per Effect

You can define multiple handler methods for the same effect type by adding a suffix after the base name:

# use eyre::Result;
# use vihaco::{Effects, observe};
# #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
# pub struct ChannelFrame;
# #[derive(Debug, Default)]
# pub struct Oscilloscope { samples: Vec<ChannelFrame> }
#[observe(ChannelFrame, effect = ())]
impl Oscilloscope {
    fn observe_channel_frame_capture(&mut self, effect: &ChannelFrame) -> Result<Effects<()>> {
        self.samples.push(effect.clone());
        Ok(Effects::none())
    }

    fn observe_channel_frame_log(&mut self, effect: &ChannelFrame) -> Result<Effects<()>> {
        println!("frame received: {:?}", effect);
        Ok(Effects::none())
    }
}

All methods matching observe_<snake_case> or observe_<snake_case>_* are called when the effect is delivered.

Multiple Effect Types

A single #[observe] block can handle multiple delivered effect types:

# use eyre::Result;
# use vihaco::{Effects, observe};
# #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
# pub struct StdoutEffect(pub String);
# #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
# pub struct ChannelSample { pub value: f64 }
# #[derive(Debug, Default)]
# pub struct MultiObserver;
#[observe(StdoutEffect, ChannelSample, effect = ())]
impl MultiObserver {
    fn observe_stdout_effect(&mut self, effect: &StdoutEffect) -> Result<Effects<()>> {
        let _ = effect;
        Ok(Effects::none())
    }

    fn observe_channel_sample(&mut self, effect: &ChannelSample) -> Result<Effects<()>> {
        let _ = effect;
        Ok(Effects::none())
    }
}

The macro generates a separate Observe<T> impl for each listed effect type.

When To Declare `effect = ...`

An #[observe(...)] block defaults to a () follow-up effect type. Declare an explicit follow-up type with effect = ... once the boundary does typed continuation work instead of a simple Effects<()> handoff. In practice, write effect = CompositeEffect on the #[observe(...)] block when any of these are true:

the same #[observe(...)] block handles multiple delivered effect types
the delivered effect has multiple matching handler methods
any handler returns typed follow-up effects instead of Effects<()>

That keeps continuation explicit and allows each child observer to return its own local follow-up type as long as it converts into the composite effect with Into.

use eyre::Result;
use vihaco::{Effects, Observe, observe};

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct ChannelFrame;

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct FrameRendered;

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub enum RuntimeEffect {
    Rendered(FrameRendered),
}

impl From<FrameRendered> for RuntimeEffect {
    fn from(value: FrameRendered) -> Self {
        Self::Rendered(value)
    }
}

#[derive(Default)]
pub struct Display;

impl Observe<ChannelFrame> for Display {
    type Effect = FrameRendered;
    type Error = eyre::Report;

    fn observe(&mut self, effect: &ChannelFrame) -> Result<Effects<Self::Effect>> {
        let _ = effect;
        Ok(Effects::one(FrameRendered))
    }
}

#[derive(Default)]
pub struct Runtime {
    display: Display,
}

#[observe(ChannelFrame, effect = RuntimeEffect)]
impl Runtime {
    fn observe_channel_frame(&mut self, effect: &ChannelFrame) -> Result<Effects<RuntimeEffect>> {
        Ok(Observe::<ChannelFrame>::observe(&mut self.display, effect)?.map(Into::into))
    }
}

The Observe Trait

Observe is effect-only:

pub trait Observe<E: 'static> {
    type Effect: 'static;
    type Error;

    fn observe(&mut self, effect: &E) -> Result<Effects<Self::Effect>, Self::Error>;
}

Observers receive only the delivered effect. If an observer needs extra data, use one of these two patterns:

put the needed data into a staged follow-up effect
store the needed state inside the observing component and update it through earlier effects

Standalone Observers

The simplest use of #[observe] is on a type that only reacts to delivered effects with no instructions or messages of its own:

# use eyre::Result;
# use vihaco::{Effects, observe};
# #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
# pub struct StdoutEffect(pub String);
#[derive(Debug, Default)]
pub struct StdoutCollector {
    lines: Vec<String>,
}

#[observe(StdoutEffect)]
impl StdoutCollector {
    fn observe_stdout_effect(&mut self, effect: &StdoutEffect) -> Result<Effects<()>> {
        self.lines.push(effect.0.clone());
        Ok(Effects::none())
    }
}

A composite owns such an observer as an ordinary field. The #[observe] derive gives the field type an Observe<StdoutEffect> impl; the runtime delivers effects to it by calling that impl (see Wire It Together below):

use vihaco::composite;

#[composite]
#[derive(Debug, Default)]
pub struct WaveComposite {
    #[device(0x00, alias = "wave")]
    wave: WaveGenerator,

    // A plain field; the runtime delivers StdoutEffect to it explicitly.
    stdout: StdoutCollector,
}

#[composite] is transitional scaffolding for generated device instruction wiring. The underlying model is still ordinary component execution plus typed effect observation, continued by hand-written runtime code.

Components That Also Observe

#[observe] is not limited to standalone observer types. A component that executes instructions can also observe delivered effects.

The important design shift is that the observer sees the effect directly. If it needs post-processed data, an earlier step should emit a richer staged effect rather than relying on borrowed context.

use eyre::Result;
use vihaco::{dispatch, Effects, observe};

pub struct ChannelFrame {
    pub channel: u32,
    pub value: f64,
}

pub struct FrameRendered {
    pub frame: ChannelFrame,
    pub markers: Vec<[f64; 2]>,
}

pub enum DisplayOutcome {
    Ready(f64),
}

#[dispatch(instruction = DisplayInst, message = DisplayMsg, effect = DisplayOutcome)]
impl Display {
    fn execute(
        &mut self,
        inst: &DisplayInst,
        msg: DisplayMsg,
    ) -> Result<Effects<DisplayOutcome>> {
        let _ = (inst, msg);
        Ok(Effects::none())
    }
}

#[observe(FrameRendered)]
impl Display {
    fn observe_frame_rendered(
        &mut self,
        effect: &FrameRendered,
    ) -> Result<Effects<()>> {
        let _ = effect;
        Ok(Effects::none())
    }
}

A runtime can stage that richer effect explicitly:

a Renderer observes ChannelFrame
it updates local render state
it emits FrameRendered { frame, markers }
Display observes FrameRendered

That keeps all continuation explicit in the effect types.

Delivery Ordering

Effect delivery is performed by the runtime, and the convention is to follow the composite’s field order and the continuation graph.

For multiple follow-up effects returned as Effects::Many(...), continue them left-to-right and depth-first. That means:

the first follow-up effect is fully continued before the second begins
ordering should usually be expressed through staged effect types
the types should make the stages visible, regardless of how the wiring is written

A Complete Example

The example below shows the full picture:

a component that returns effects
a standalone observer
a component that also observes

Define The Types

use eyre::Result;
use vihaco::{dispatch, Effects, Instruction, Message, observe};

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Instruction)]
pub enum WaveInst {
    SetAmplitude(f64),
    Play,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Message)]
pub struct PlayMsg {
    pub when_ns: u64,
    pub channel_id: u32,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
pub struct StdoutEffect(pub String);

#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
pub struct ChannelSample {
    pub when_ns: u64,
    pub channel_id: u32,
    pub value: f64,
}

The Producing Component

# use eyre::Result;
# use vihaco::{dispatch, Effects, Instruction, Message};
# #[derive(Debug, Clone, Instruction)]
# pub enum WaveInst { SetAmplitude(f64), Play }
# #[derive(Debug, Clone, Message)]
# pub struct PlayMsg { pub when_ns: u64, pub channel_id: u32 }
# #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
# pub struct ChannelSample { pub when_ns: u64, pub channel_id: u32, pub value: f64 }
#[derive(Debug, Default)]
pub struct WaveGenerator {
    amplitude: f64,
}

#[dispatch(instruction = WaveInst, message = PlayMsg, effect = ChannelSample)]
impl WaveGenerator {
    fn execute(&mut self, inst: &WaveInst, msg: PlayMsg) -> Result<Effects<ChannelSample>> {
        match inst {
            WaveInst::SetAmplitude(v) => {
                self.amplitude = *v;
                Ok(Effects::none())
            }
            WaveInst::Play => Ok(Effects::one(ChannelSample {
                when_ns: msg.when_ns,
                channel_id: msg.channel_id,
                value: self.amplitude,
            })),
        }
    }
}

A Standalone Observer

# use eyre::Result;
# use vihaco::{Effects, observe};
# #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
# pub struct StdoutEffect(pub String);
#[derive(Debug, Default)]
pub struct StdoutCollector {
    lines: Vec<String>,
}

#[observe(StdoutEffect)]
impl StdoutCollector {
    fn observe_stdout_effect(&mut self, effect: &StdoutEffect) -> Result<Effects<()>> {
        self.lines.push(effect.0.clone());
        Ok(Effects::none())
    }
}

A Component That Also Observes

# use eyre::Result;
# use vihaco::{dispatch, Effects, Instruction, observe};
# #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
# pub struct StdoutEffect(pub String);
# #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
# pub struct ChannelSample { pub when_ns: u64, pub channel_id: u32, pub value: f64 }
#[derive(Debug, Default)]
pub struct Recorder {
    samples: Vec<ChannelSample>,
    count: usize,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Instruction)]
pub enum RecorderInst {
    GetCount,
}

#[dispatch(instruction = RecorderInst, message = (), effect = StdoutEffect)]
impl Recorder {
    fn execute(&mut self, inst: &RecorderInst, _msg: ()) -> Result<Effects<StdoutEffect>> {
        match inst {
            RecorderInst::GetCount => Ok(Effects::one(StdoutEffect(format!(
                "recorded {} samples",
                self.count
            )))),
        }
    }
}

#[observe(ChannelSample)]
impl Recorder {
    fn observe_channel_sample(&mut self, effect: &ChannelSample) -> Result<Effects<()>> {
        self.samples.push(effect.clone());
        self.count += 1;
        Ok(Effects::none())
    }
}

Wire It Together

#[composite] generates the device wiring; the runtime executes a component and then delivers its effects to the matching observers by calling their Observe impls.

use vihaco::{GeneratedComponent, Observe, composite};

#[composite]
#[derive(Debug, Default)]
pub struct WaveComposite {
    #[device(0x00, alias = "wave")]
    wave: WaveGenerator,

    #[device(0x01, alias = "recorder")]
    recorder: Recorder,

    // Plain observer field — delivered to by hand below.
    stdout: StdoutCollector,
}

impl WaveComposite {
    fn play(&mut self, msg: PlayMsg) -> eyre::Result<()> {
        // 1. WaveGenerator executes Play and returns a ChannelSample.
        let samples = self.wave.execute_generated(WaveInst::Play, msg)?;
        // 2. Deliver each ChannelSample to the Recorder (which observes it).
        for sample in samples {
            Observe::<ChannelSample>::observe(&mut self.recorder, &sample)?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn report(&mut self) -> eyre::Result<()> {
        // 3. Recorder executes GetCount and returns a StdoutEffect...
        let lines = self.recorder.execute_generated(RecorderInst::GetCount, ())?;
        // 4. ...which the runtime delivers to the StdoutCollector.
        for line in lines {
            Observe::<StdoutEffect>::observe(&mut self.stdout, &line)?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }
}

The flow:

WaveGenerator executes Play and returns a ChannelSample.
The runtime delivers that ChannelSample to Recorder.
Recorder updates local state and returns Effects::none() from its observer handler.
When Recorder later executes GetCount, it returns a StdoutEffect, and the runtime delivers that effect to StdoutCollector.

Design Guidance

Use standalone #[observe] when a type only reacts to effects.
Use #[observe] alongside component! when a device needs to react to effects from other components.
Make effect types plain standalone Rust types.
Prefer putting #[observe] on the real consumer type, not a forwarding wrapper.
If a type is conceptually a log sink, recorder, projection, renderer, or simulation consumer with no instructions of its own, model it as a standalone observer.
Prefer staged follow-up effects over hidden cross-field delivery context.

What Comes Next

After understanding #[observe], the next step is to see how composite wiring ties instruction dispatch and effect continuation together.

Continue with Defining A Composite With vihaco.